Sanemi

Sanemi, officially the Kingdom of Sanemi (seSanemi: Zwenkotsi baSanemi) and also known as baSanemi, was a multiethnic state in the southeast of Kylorne, centered around the Iwolintshi Mountains and Sea of Gumbahlo, being predominantly upon the continent known as Bazwebwe. The state's largest enclaves of power were centered around the capital city of Okidza and the island city of Manzakhingi, the first and second largest settlements.

Today, the area is only occupied by disparate tribes, without a singular political affiliation. However, as a broad ethnic identity and regional term, the name Sanemi still describes the lands inhabited by these related peoples in northwestern Bazwebwe, and the term maSanemi still applies to the multiple tribes of Nkondo, Shani, Bewa, and Enka. The name of the continent Bazwebwe itself comes from the seSanemi language, and the language is still used by the peoples of the continent's north.

Etymology
The name “Sanemi” is derived from the words sa-, meaning “to do”, and nemi, meaning “just” or “right”. Thus, sanemi means “to do what is right”, reflecting on the founding of the state by Sifiso IV Obhejane, who sought to abolish the institution of serfdom and end the constant warring of the small kingdoms that came before him. The term Zwenkotsi in the country’s full official name roughly translates to “land-of-king”, and baSanemi is simply sanemi with the ba- prefix added, denoting its title as a country or land.

The term ‘Sanemi’ can be modified by several means. baSanemi refers specifically to the country; umSanemi refers to an individual from Sanemi, maSanemi refers to the people as a whole, as well as the culture; and seSanemi refers to the Sanemi language.

History
Full article: History of Sanemi

Early History
Sanemi's history and prehistory goes back thousands of years, as evidenced by many ancient artifacts and remains found in the land. However, much of this archaic past lies unexplored. What is known, however, is that millet was domesticated in the ancient past, and that the ancestors of the Sanemi began forging iron tools roughly 3000 years ago, skipping the bronze age entirely.

The oldest written records known come from those written in the ancient Olanwezi script. Originally developed out of simple glyphs made using a bird's feather and clay tablet, these were used to record trade deals, government affairs, and temple practices. This era saw a number of many tribes and kingdoms warring and fighting amongst each other, eventually resulting in a brief ethnic Shani kingdom ruling over many of them before it eventually collapsed back into multiple states once more.

The First Union Period, beginning in 1908 BKS [Before Kylorne Start], saw a collective of tribes formed around the city of Imbalitsi. The Imbalitsi Confederation was the first major state to form in the region of baSanemi, not including the first Shani Kingdom. The confederation eventually grew corrupt itself as its leaders grew rich, and began implementing zwe isamukusu- a system of serfdom that bound farmers to the land and forced them to produce goods for their rulers. The devolution of the confederation and desire for rulers to control more land caused the confederation to collapse into warring tribes.

Following the collapse of the Confederation in 1641 BKS, the city of Imbalitsi was abandoned, and thus began the Ngoja Imp'inkathi, or "Middle War Period". Centuries of war broke out between different tribes, chiefdoms, kingdoms, and other entities; however, this era also experienced much in the way of arts and literature. It is in this era that rice and wheat also began to take hold as major crops alongside millet.

Kingdom of baSanemi
The Ngoja Imp'inkathi ended with the rise of Sifiso IV Obhejane, a Shani man who rose from working in the zwe isamukusu to becoming king. This kingdom, now known as baSanemi, reached a golden age by the time of Sifiso's passing, having standardized measurements, built infrastructure, and abolishing the zwe isamukusu and ending the war that wreaked havoc across the land for centuries.

The successors of Sifiso "the Liberator" came to rule for nearly 400 years. However, in the last century of the rule, multiple disasters struck. Decreasing farmland fertility caused food shortages and famine; many of the lands went fallow. Undead monsters roamed the land in droves, attacking the living and destroying settlements. Incompetent rule meant that the government had no control over this unnatural horde, and compounded upon it came a plague. An extreme succession crisis occurred, as many potential royals were killed by usurpers, monsters, or disease, and the state fell into another anarchic era around 30 BKS, with the capital of Okidza being destroyed and abandoned in the year 3 BKS.

Reign of Zoziyu kaThemba Inyoni
The line of potential successors found its way to a young refugee distantly related to the Obhejane clan- a former student turned farmer named Zoziyu kaThemba Inyoni. Having survived the worst of the crisis and bearing a decent education and birth status, she was chosen in the year 1 PKS [Post-Kylorne Start] by several surviving court officials as the only legitimate queen of Sanemi. Her power base, established in the town of Udongajete, served as the de facto capital in her attempt to restore order over the ravaged land and defeat all other pretenders to the throne for the first year of her reign. It was in the second year that the capital was moved to Okidza, which began reconstruction. Zoziyu's reign roughly coincided with the beginning of the Kylorne Tribal Period.

From the tribal period forward, Zoziyu oversaw much construction and expansion, and the general stabilization of the kingdom. Little interaction with the outside world beyond simply establishing contact with other nations and tribes in the area had yet occurred, yet it appeared that Zoziyu had strong support from the people at first. Trade relations were established with their former trade partner of Leanntir, and diplomatic missives were issued to the various Solideti states and colonies on Bazwebwe. However, this early momentum and reconstruction fell short as the constant pushing for expansion of the young and impoverished state strained the already-struggling economy. This economic crisis was only compounded with the arrival of the Kozakakhulu- a plague from abroad that wracked the cities. Many blamed the leadership for the illness, others blamed foreign colonists. With the state unraveling, Zoziyu Inyoni retired after roughly twenty years as ruler. This final retirement was met with little clamor, as the central state ceased to exist and the lands were once more split up into disorganized local tribes.

Climate
The climate of Sanemi varies across its former territories. In the furthest north, humid subtropical climates prevail, though they become drier as one travels further south along the Iwolintshi Mountains. The Sea of Gumbahlo moderates temperatures in the continental interior, and the true coastal region on the world's ocean is bathed in moderately warm and dry climates year-round. While dry and warm, it is far from desert, and temperatures hardly vary. The south of the country, the miombo and desert, is much hotter, with a brief rainy season and long dry season.

The rainy season generally lasts from mid-late spring to midsummer; there is a brief dry period in late summer, with sporadic rains in the fall. Winter and early spring are the driest parts of the year; however, the winter dry season is generally more mild.

Biodiversity
Sanemi is a very biodiverse country. Its flora vary from region to region, and many of the aquatic organisms of the Sea of Gumbahlo, such as the Kiridinalo Dolphin, are endemic. On the island of Manzakhingi, there is one of the world's largest sea turtle colonies, specifically hosting the native Seagrass Turtle, known varyingly in the indigenous languages as the Nutungu Lwasolwandle or Andhlatshane Lwasolwandle. The turtle is considered to be endangered.

One of the most charismatic creatures of Sanemi is the indlhovu, known varyingly as the Sanemi Elephant or Sanemi Mammoth in foreign sources. Herds of these massive beasts roam across much of the countryside and wilderness, and are held in high respect by the maSanemi people.

Environment
The northern frontiers of the maSanemi's lands are the subtropical broadleaf forests of Habewaland. These forests give way to a strip of fertile grassland; in the east, along the Sea of Gumbahlo, lies the Ij'oki Plain, and the Momashani Plain lays to the west along the coast. The Iwolintshi mountains separate the Gumbahlo from the rest of the world ocean, and this region is typified by eroded mountains of sedimentary rock.

The southern stretch of the Iwolintshi range extends into the region of miombo biome that lies between the Sand River and Sea of Gumbahlo. It is exposed to brief but torrential rains, and is a sparse, open woodland with little grass. Yet still, there is still enough food for wildlife and herds of livestock here, mostly goats, and the soil is very fertile when irrigated.

Language
seSanemi was the largest language, official language of business and government, and was the lingua franca of the nation. Originating from a pidgin largely of the siShani and seNkondo languages, the two languages effectively merged into one tongue in the intervening years since the formation of the baSanemi Kingdom. After the kingdom's collapse, seSanemi still remains the native language of the land and the Nkondo, Enka, and Shani peoples.

The second largest language, siBewa, is spoken primarily among the rural Habewa peoples. A siBewa-seSanemi pidgin dialect exists in the urban Habewa settlements as well. siBewa, in return, has greatly influenced the national language since the formation of the kingdom. siBewa, while similar to seSanemi, often has different sounds. For example, where a hl- would be in seSanemi, an umBewa would say tl-.

The Kice and Muqolo among themselves speak several small languages, with few of them having over a few hundred speakers. They are considered highly endangered tongues by some; however, these languages will likely maintain their existence so long as the people speaking them remain isolated. Many scholars have attempted to categorize and record the Kice-Muqolo languages, which form a language family separate from nearly all human languages. The Kice-Muqolo languages are known for having a significant amount of click consonants, which in some local languages may be included in nearly every word.

Ethnicities
The primary ethnic groups of Sanemi, in order of largest to smallest population were the Nkondo, Habewa, Enka, Shani, and the Kice-Muqolo peoples. A small number of immigrant peoples also existed, but most citizens were locals.

Nkondo
The Nkondo people were one of the largest ethnic groups in the country, and remain common after the kingodm's collapse. Generally settled in the towns along the Sea of Gumbahlo and Sand River, the Nkondo have generally been large city-builders, constructing many towns of stone and terracotta along the freshwater shores of the miombo biome. They are otherwise farmers, and grow many crops. The seSanemi language is based on the original seNkondo language, which has since gone extinct in the previous centuries.

Enka
The Enka are a separate group related heavily to both the Nkondo and Habewa. A smaller group of coastal peoples, centered around the western coasts of the Iwolintshi and northwestern miombo, they are often employed in boatbuilding, fishing, and other maritime trades. Their cuisine is heavily based around seafood, and their many seafood dishes are well-renowned across the country. They are a younger ethnic group, having formed out of coastward-bound maNkondo some 600 years BKS. They generally speak seSanemi.

Shani
In the Momashani and Ok'iji Plains, the Shani people travel around, guiding their livestock from pasture to pasture. The Shani have historically been a separate group, but have also intermixed with the Nkondo heavily in the past few centuries. As such, many Shani have also ended up in the cities as well. They speak seSanemi and siShani varyingly. Being pastoralists, they are often hard to govern, but their wares- mostly meat, dairy, leather, and other animal products- are essential to the national economy.

Habewa
Also known as simply the Bewa, the Habewa are a large ethnic group that reside in the subtropical forests of Sanemi’s more humid northern regions. They have a strong literary tradition, as Habewa scholars tried to copy books before their humid climate could tatter and destroy them, and the exporting of books to drier regions to better preserve the books themselves caused Habewa literature to spread far across the region for centuries. The Habewa speak siBewa, the second largest language in the country, and have an architectural style primarily utilizing wood and sloped roofs unlike the Nkondo to the south. The Habewa also have a storied and well-developed tradition of being weavers, creating cloth patterns that have since become known worldwide.

Kice
The Kice are a collection of related hunter-gatherer tribes that roam the countryside of Sanemi and its surrounding lands. Much like the Shani and Muqolo herd their livestock, the Kice follow the wild game as they migrate across the country. They generally do not build anything larger than small temporary shelters or firepits, and are a staunchly traditional people. Their languages feature a large number of click consonants- as many as 30 in some Kice languages. Their material culture consists only of their clothes and tools which they can carry on their backs.

Muqolo
The Muqolo people are very similar to the Kice in language and culture, with a large key difference; the Muqolo are pastoralists, and not foragers. They live almost entirely outdoors, sleeping among their cattle. However, they have interacted significantly with their fellow pastoralists, the Shani, and their cultures overlap much more. However, they participate mostly in subsistence farming, and do not trade much with the settled peoples or partake in the large cattle drives that the Shani do. The Muqolo languages number about 15 or so, and it is thought that it is from the Muqolo that the Shani & Nkondo picked up the click consonants in modern seSanemi.

Religion
Religion in Sanemi most often took the form of spirit worship and folk superstition. These spirits are considered to be both large and small, and inherent to all things, including inanimate objects. Collectively this system is known as Sanemi Animism or Sanemi Paganism depending on the author writing; in seSanemi the phrase used is taMaxonga weBasanemi (Spirit System of the land of Sanemi), but the phrase is only used in the context of other faiths or outside viewpoints. One does not say they are a "Sanemi Animist"; rather, they may state "I serve the spirits" (Idi maxonga hluwufa in seSanemi).

Religion is often localized, with the worship of local spirits and one’s ancestors, as well as a few major worldwide spirits; these include the sun, moon, sky, and earth god-spirits as well as the elemental god-spirits. These can be syncretized with the gods of other faiths, as differing interpretations of the same deity. However, other Sanemi theologians consider the spirits and and gods of both Sanemi and foreign lands to be endemic to their native lands only, and that most foreign gods only have control over the lands where they are worshipped. This interpretation means that many maSanemi are skeptical or hostile to foreign faiths, as they do not want the realm of their gods to be encroached upon or stolen by foreign ones.

Under the reign of Zoziyu Inyoni, foreign faiths attempted to spread into Sanemi. The largest foreign religion is Azerdan; however, maSanemi Azerdani made up a small fraction of the population, mostly in the cities.

History of Political Development
At the state's (re)founding in the year 1 PKS, Sanemi was in a tribal state similarly to most of the rest of Kylorne at the time. There were no administrative regions, much of the country remained autonomous outside of the capital of Okidza, and there was a complete lack of any hard and enforced borders. The "kingdom" at the time essentially functioned as a tribal anarchy, with the highest leaders being village elders and councils outside of the direct domain of the ruling monarch Zoziyu I. This fragile state is what eventually led to the state re-collapsing less than two decades later.

Administrative Regions
There were thtree main administrative regions, centered around the largest cities: Okidza, Tlabadhiniyon, and Manzakhingi. The rest of the country remained outside of the central government's de facto jurisdiction, and remained marked as terra nullius on maps due to a lack of sufficient infrastructure to connect the outlying villages to the capital.

Law
While a formal law code existed under the original Sanemi government, primarily in the cities prior to their abandonment, the countryside practices traditional law based on a familial honor code. Eye-for-eye revenge justice and vigilantism are common, and often it is the leaders of the village who have the final say in the law. It was these local leaders who eventually wrested control back away from Okidza.

Foreign Relations
Though few maSanemi speak a language from outside of their native tongue, positive relations were garnered with the tribes to the east, primarily the Tsaytsa and Fitek Tenkiswikem. At first, neither party's officials could fully understand the other's language (both lacking proper diplomats at the time), and only a few pidgin speakers could facilitate verbal speech between the tribes. However, a more common form of inter-tribal communication in Bazwebwe is a system known as segula, or Hand Talk; it is a form of universal sign language common to the peoples of the southeast. The use of Hand Talk by those skilled in it allowed Sanemi to begin projecting diplomatic power on the continent, and initiating diplomacy with other groups on the continent.

Sanemi was engaged in an unofficial alliance with the Tsaytsa and Fitek as indigenous Bazwebwe nations, all being threatened by the encroachment of Solideti settlement on the continent. While Sanemi kept up relatively positive relations with Helionople, the largest Soldeti colony-state in Bazwebwe, there was still tension between the two states due to the latter's foreign nature.

National Symbols
There were multiple national symbols representing baSanemi to both its own people and the world at large.

Arts
There exists a long literary tradition in Sanemi; however, much of it is lost. Two of the most influential remaining works are the Kulayenza weThuma, a story of the creation of the world, and the Habewa Corpus, which delves into philosophy and metaphysics. Many other magic and medicinal texts are still maintained as well.

Of the visual arts, cloth weaving is most famous outside of Sanemi. The Habewa weavers are some of the most talented in the known world, creating intricate patterns each with a specific meaning. Certain clans may have a clan cloth pattern, as may a particular village. It is also not uncommon for the pattern to be painted on a house's walls.

Cuisine
Sanemi cuisine shares many commonalities with the other cuisines of Bazwebwe. The most notable continental style is of course barbeque; maSanemi will often roast meat and vegetables over a grill. Large barbeques are often held as village-wide social events, and usually go once a week; however, barbequed food can be seen being cooked in any town almost any day.

Among the Nkondo, millet is a commonly-eaten grain. Historically the primary grain of Sanemi, as it was domesticated there thousands of years ago, it has since dropped in use as wheat and rice have encroached upon it. However, the most famous millet-based meal is Kundadza. Kundadza, roughly meaning "on bowl", features millet that has been boiled and seasoned similar to many rice dishes elsewhere. It can be sweet, savory, or spicy depending on the cook's preference, and is often served with finely-chopped vegetables and garnished with a basil leaf. Barbecued meat may be added on top of the millet; meat may also be chopped or shredded, and mixed in among the whole bowl. The food is very commonly eaten among all classes, though the meatier and more exotic twists are generally exclusive to the aristocracy and wealthy merchants.

The Enka, living along the coast and isle of Manzakhingi, are particular to seafood. One of their most infamous delicacies is sea turtle meat; semi-domesticated sea turtles are raised on the beaches for slaughter and consumption much as any terrestrial livestock would be. Many interior tribes, such as the Nkondo, take disdain towards this practice, as do the Kikiri turtle-peoples of the east of Bazwebwe.

Family and Gender
Family is very important in maSanemi culture. The system of naming in Sanemi culture features a matronymic clan name, as well as a given one; one generally takes the given name and clan name of their birthgiver. Clans are matrilineal, and a clan is considered to be the unit in the social hierarchy above the immediate family, but below the political or ethnic group. Clans derive their names from colors, jobs, animals, plants, and animal features. These clan names often arise from the animal properties of the clan’s umangwu members- a clan founded by a fox umangwu may be called the fox clan (zamiki Impungushe), for instance.

Sanemi culture has traditionally held particular gender roles for society. While they are not absolute, they have been strongly enforced at times. Generally, men are assigned to be warriors, builders, and doing other hard labor tasks; conversely, women are assumed to work in more tedious jobs such as weaving, homemaking, gardening, art, and writing. There are notable examples of notable female warriors and male artists in Sanemi history however, and many modern maSanemi instead insist that one partake in all of these activities regardless of gender. Other tasks, such as magic, business, and political leadership are deemed non-gendered and have historically been very open, and transgender and nonbinary umSanemi are well-treated by society at large.

Aside from gender roles, the focus on family is often a large pressure for maSanemi adults. Fertile couples are traditionally expected to birth as many children as possible. Those who cannot birth children- usually the impotent, homosexual couples, and asexual people- are encouraged to either adopt orphans or invest heavily into raising their relatives’ children. Children are generally raised by their parents, and both are expected to contribute; however, neighbors, relatives, and friends are also expected to participate in bringing children up, as isolation is deemed very unhealthy for growing children.

Ufutu
The Ufutu Festival is the traditional harvest festival of Sanemi's farming peoples. The festival is held around mid-summer, where crops such as millet, wheat, yam, and cassava are harvested. The festival is celebrated with feasts, and as the harvest is complete all farmers and other workers take off their work for a three-day long celebration. Prior to the feast, a sacrifice of food is given to the various spirits, to give thanks for a bountiful harvest. The feast itself takes the form of a large barbeque, and festivities may also include sharing art, wearing costumes, sharing a ritual pipe, or drinking special alcoholic beverages brewed for the event. Kundadza is one of the most common dishes served, though dishes incorporating different meats and root vegetables are also eaten.

National Day
The "National Day", Madu weBazwe, is the anniversary of the founding of the Sanemi kingdom. It is held on the day of the second full moon of the year. It is generally celebrated with a large barbeque feast, similar to the Ufutu Festival, though it lasts only a single day. It is common for children to receive sweets and beef jerky on this day, and sacrifices and prayer are made to the spirits of Sifiso sePedukura and all of his successor rulers. At the end of the day's festivities, it is customary to forgive one's enemies and abandon grudges, and then make a sacrifice for the wellbeing of the current ruler and the whole kingdom. This holiday is still practiced in many villages as a way to celebrate the legacy of the Sanemi kingdom.

Rebirth
While Sanemi may have strict cultural gender roles, it is not impossible to cross over. The Rebirth Festival (Madu weJuyutha Kulawache) is held for many transgender maSanemi as a kind of late coming-of-age ceremony, usually occurring in their late teenage or young adult years. From here, a transgender umSanemi will have their body ritually cleansed and “reborn” as the gender of their soul, which may be male, female, or neither. The recipient will be showered in gifts of clothing and other keepsakes, and is from thence on expected to be treated accordingly gender-wise.

Medicine
Endocrinology has been practiced by many maSanemi traditional doctors (umnwabu) for over a millennium. Extract of oats and the urine of mares, called wo'elangele wexonga mo'ihashi or “mare’s soul”, are often used as rejuvenating medicines for women, and are generally prescribed by an umnwabu to transgender or menopausal women. Similarly, an extract called wo'elangele muzenyege, made of salted & dried bull testicle mixed with vegetables, is used to treat men, usually to build muscle or to regain sexual virility. These extracts, among others, are found in potion books dating back as far as 1848 BKS.

Immunology has also been necessary for the maSanemi, living among livestock and many tropical diseases. A method of vaccination, made from heating the blood of an infected person or animal and then keeping it frozen, then placing it into a healthy person by a “purified” needle puncture (sanitized by burning the blade with an enchanted strong alcohol). This practice, developed by skilled Habewa potioneer Agyenim Kafua in 416 BKS has saved thousands of lives from smallpox, and later even a similar malaria vaccination procedure was developed in 373 BKS by her apprentice and successor Kwame Abrema.

Umangwu
The Umangwu, or “animal-people”, are a phenomenon wherein a typical human bears animal or plant characteristics. An umangwu is fundamentally an otherwise normal umSanemi human, but bears either plant or fungal growth, or certain animal body parts and abilities. This is often related to the clan name system, wherein an umangwu member of a particular clan is born with the characteristics of the namesake animal, plant, or feature of their clan.

It is largely unknown when or why the umangwu first started appearing, though folktales explaining their existence have been told for centuries. Recent finds of paintings show that umangwu were well-recognized in proto-Sanemi society as far back as the latest Neolithic, and they traditionally held roles as semlingo and other magic practitioners due to their curious and magical nature.